External Factor Analysis of Accounting Firm Essay

It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing market research and gives a certain overview of the different macroenvironmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. Political factors, or how and to what degree a government intervenes in the economy. Specifically, political factors include areas such as tax policy, labour law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also include goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided (merit goods) and those that the government does not want to be provided (demerit goods or merit bads). Furthermore, governments have great influence on the health, education, and infrastructure of a nation. Economic factors  include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and make decisions. For example, interest rates affect a firm’s cost of capital and therefore to what extent a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods in an economy Social factors  include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a company’s products and how that company operates. For example, an ageing population may imply a smaller and less-willing workforce (thus increasing the cost of labor). Furthermore, companies may change various management strategies to adapt to these social trends (such as recruiting older workers). Technological factors  include ecological and environmental aspects, such as R&D activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. They can determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. Environmental factors  include weather, climate, and climate change, which may especially affect industries such as tourism, farming, and insurance. Furthermore, growing awareness to climate change is affecting how companies operate and the products they offer–it is both creating new markets and diminishing or destroying existing ones. Legal factors  include discrimination law, consumer law, antitrust law, employment law, and health and safety law. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products.

My School Essay

School is a temple of learning and a training ground for future citizens. The name of my school is Penang Chinese Girls High School. It was set up in 19-an by a land-lord in our area. He donated land and money for the school. The atmosphere in which our school is situated is very pleasant. It is surrounded by a big field on one side and a small garden with flowers on the other. The school has three rows of big buildings. The name of the school is written on the front building. There are many classrooms in the front building. Other rooms in the back building are used for different purposes such as the Head Master’s Office, Library, the Clerk’s Office, the Science Laboratory, the Teachers’ Common-room, the N. C. C. and etc. There are 80 teacher, a specific teacher for librarians, a clerk and several peons in our school. All the teachers are qualified and experienced. The Head Master is a learned woman,she solved problems of the pupils efficiently. The total number of students of our school is about 20thousand hundred. We go to school in uniform,our school consisits of girls only,therefore girls wear blue skirt and white blouse. The school functions from for 2 sessions. During the recess hour we go to the canteen to relax and savour some mouth-watering food. Some students also go to library and read newspaper there. In games period we play badminton, volley ball, etc. Girl students play ring ball too. The library of our school is a medium one. There are about two thousand books on different subjects; we did not have a library period in our weekly routine,so we borrow books from our library and refund them after a week in our free time. We observe the Republic Day, the Independence Day, the Teacher’s Day in our school. We also hold debate competitions and games and sports every year. The school magazine is published every year. In annual examinations the students from our school show brilliant performance. Many students from this school have occupied glorious position in our state. Our school always holds book fair for students to have a chance to explore the advantages of reading. This year a classical teacher from our school retired formally. The discipline, the study atmosphere and the brilliant academic result of our school attract many meritorious students from distant parts of our state. It is an ideal school in all respects.

Business Communications Report

The purpose of this report is to evaluate the importance of oral communications within the workplace, as well as to identify the aspects and skills that are valued within the workplace. This report will also give recommendations to the problems it highlights. 1. 2. 3 Questions * Is oral communication really a problem among graduates in the workplace? * Which aspects of oral communication are valued more within the workplace? * Which oral communication skills are lacking in graduates within the workplace? * What solutions could we recommend to the NUS management? 1. 3 Scope The ability to express ideas convincingly should therefore be an aspect to be focused on. 3. 4 Need for Clarity of Content The findings have made obvious that clear content is of high priority within the workplace. This oral communication skill is needed because the content is the crux of the message being sent to others and it needs to be clear and concise to avoid confusion. As such this oral communication skill should be focused on. 3. 5 Need for Confidence in Oral Communications The importance of this skill has been noted in the findings. This communication skill complements the other conclusions, as confidence is something that is required for all aspects of oral communications. Clearly, confidence is a skill that should be focused on. 4. Recommendations Based on the conclusions made above, this report recommends changing the NUS curriculum to involve more opportunities to practice oral communications skills, as well as to introduce a public forum, providing chances for all students to speak publicly more. 4. 1 Change in NUS Curriculum This proposal involves a tweaking of all modules in NUS to accommodate even more usage of oral communications skills than at current levels. For example, module marks could be adjusted to allow for more emphasis on presentations or interaction with the lecturer and the class. This would not only allow students to practice their oral communications as a whole, but also improve on specific aspects and skills, like their confidence and clarity. It is noted that this proposal would be difficult to implement and would also take time to adjust to for the entire university. However, this strategy would help all NUS students to improve their oral communications skills greatly over their time in NUS as they are encouraged to work on their oral communications. Thus this would be a long term solution for the problems stated above. 4. 2 Creating Student Forums The Management should also consider utilizing a key aspect of education in NUS: student life. Through providing a forum for students to speak up, especially about issues that the students have passion for, they will get more practice at oral communications. They would also debate and discuss among themselves about such issues, further boosting their proficiency in key skills like being convincing in oral communications. This suggestion does have certain drawbacks, like difficulty in implementing instantly as students are not used to it. However, over time, and with proper promotion and support from student leaders, it could be a good avenue for students to air their views and practice their oral communications skills at the same time.

Integration of Giant Supply Chains in Public Sector Essay

Integration of Giant Supply Chains in Public Sector - Essay Example The critical processes differ from one another, but the processes involving supply chain management and supply chain management are critical to any organization. The coping period of the organization without critical processes is known as maximum tolerable outage and this makes the private sector organization fail in the absence of successful supply chain management. At this context, the public sector plays a role by minimizing the contexts that make a firm face maximum tolerable outage by integrating giant supply chains thus developing logistics concept in supply chains. To develop logistics concept and to have integration in its supply chains, public sector should develop significant reorganization that helps industry and thus economy to cope with the situation. In minimizing the maximum tolerance outage situations, the facilitation of public sector to private sector helps in making supply chain management successful and supply chain systems of various organizations successful when they are connected to integrated supply chain management of public sector. There are situations like denial of access for the private organizations in the absence of integration of giant supply chain management of public sector. ... There are situations like denial of access for the private organizations in the absence of integration of giant supply chain management of public sector. The situations may be regarding the locations, floor of a building, whole building, city block, and half a kilometer radius from the building, metropolitan area and beyond. The minimizing the loss of power supply is possible with the successful role of public sector in power supply and reasonable care taken by the organization in case of any failure of public sector power supply. For example, large investments like investing in nuclear power is not possible for an average private organization the role of public sector in power supply cannot be diluted and integration of such giant supply chains in public sector is compulsory for a successful private sector. In addition to the above aspects, the continuous power supply is an inevitable necessity for production. Next coming to transportation and storage, the big firms make use of tran sportation infrastructure of public sector and SMEs and smaller industries depend on public sector even for storage facilities. In the context of communications, the public sector is main supplier of bandwidth and spectrum to private telecom companies. As a result the integration between different supply chains of public sector will help private sector to thrive (Lan, Yi-chen Editor, page 321-323, 2005). Global Integrated Supply Chain Management The integrated supply chain management is a necessity for optimum performance of any industry or sector. The challenges faced by any industry or organization depend on the dynamics of the industry or organization and market. Procurement is the

Capitalization and Depreciation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Capitalization and Depreciation - Research Paper Example If a company, for example, pays $20,000 in cash for equipment, its financial statements will not show that it spent $20,000. The statement will instead show that it converted $20,000 cash into $20,000 worth of equipment which is an asset. Expensing costs refers to reporting them on the income statements as outflows of money. When a company pays $12,000 for rent arrears, its financial statements indicate that money has been spent. Expenses decrease a companys profit or net income. The more costs businesses capitalize on rather than expense, the higher the profits they report to shareholders (Bragg 2007). GAAP refers business assets as the things the business controls or owns and have measurable economic value. When something does not fit in the description of an asset, it cannot be capitalized. Buildings, land, equipment, stocks, bonds, and items held in the inventory have future economic value that is measurable hence can be capitalized as assets. Other costs incurred in advertising, research, development, and marketing should be expensed. Although such costs are meant to produce future value, such value cannot be measured or evaluated at present (Jarnagin 2006). GAAP enables a company to capitalize the costs of acquiring assets and preparing them for use. Suppose a production company purchases a $13 million machine from a manufacturer in Italy. The company can capitalize on the buying price of the machine and also capitalize on the costs incurred in transporting the equipment from Italy. Assemblage costs, costs due to necessary modifications on the machine, taxes and tariffs paid for the equipment can be included on the capitalized costs. On smaller scale businesses, if a factory buys $98 in stock for investment intentions and pays a $1 commission, the company can capitalize on the full cost of acquisition cost: $99 (Weiss 2006). When companies capitalize on assets, it does not mean or refer

Opposing Viewpoints Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Opposing Viewpoints - Essay Example Genesis is not merely prolonged exercise of metaphors rather it provides an in depth analysis, as evolutionary believers have used metaphors for their interpretations as well. Natural selection in case Charles Darwin mechanism and Dawkins talk of selfish genes. Early scientists believed that God has created earth and life primarily based on some knowledge and not merely a divine whim which would be revealed through inquiries. Life is governed by rational, cognitive and eternal set of laws. Although grudgingly, yet the persecution of Galileo was accepted as mistake of the past. However, the recent events have unfolded the defamation of therapeutic cloning by the same conservative and erratic school of thought. Science and religion co-existence is the only way forward. At times science has owed to the nature. Science has profoundly admired the explicit concepts of nature and making a premise for the fathoming of science and religion. Similarly religion cannot stand alone or the proposition of denying religion with reference to science should be obliterated. Like the early scientists, who were as Christian as evolutionist paved the way for the harmony among science and religion. Also, both science and religion should adapt to the ever changing world and embrace the new concepts emerging on the surface of the world. The religion must not abscond the realms of the science for the prosperity and developments of nations, societies and world at large. 8. Louis Bolce and Gerald De Maio. "American Politics Is Dominated by Battles Between Religious and Secular Voters." At Issue: How Does Religion Influence Politics?. Ed. James D. Torr. Detroit: Greenhaven Press,

Unit 3-IP- Theory & Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 3-IP- Theory & Policy - Essay Example The evolution of criminal profiling can be debated through varying opinions or points of view. The FBI‘s Behavioral Sciences Unit (BSU) is endorsed with the enhancement of criminal profiling. One should consider that the actual act of accessing a criminal’s mind can be traced back in history. In the past 30 years, it has become increasingly reliable and has gained high opinion from the media, society and professionals alike. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, John E.Douglas was among the most prominent criminal profilers of 20th century, and was among the very first to introduce this science of criminal profiling to the FBI (Turvey, 2011). John Douglas has been recognized with developing the present day art of criminal profiling. This was after his work with major criminals such as Edmund Kemper (Coed Killer), known for the murder of ten people, Richard Speck, who murdered eight nurses, and Charles Manson, a feared mass murderer. His work led to the opening of Behavioral Sciences Unit (BSU) of the FBI, which was vested with the responsibility of criminal profiling. Now retired, Douglas and his team were the first to introduce criminal profiling to the US justice system. Edgar Allen Poe is another person, who contributed immensely to the development of criminal profiling (Turvey, 2011). Important issues dealing with criminal profiling are seen in his literary works like â€Å"The Telltale Heart.† This is probably one of his most famous works. The Telltale Heart is the story of a murderer who keeps the body of his victim beneath the floorboard of his house, and after searching, the police find nothing. The murderer then slowly loses his sanity, because he kept hearing the heartbeats of his victim. Eventually, he turns himself in. Poe must have analyzed and understood the criminal mind, since the story is told from the murderer’s point of view. The final case study is that of Jack the Ripper, who was among the most infamous serial killers

MKTG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

MKTG - Essay Example Firms usually seek to minimize turnover of salespeople possessing high transaction assets, which may be costly to the organization as this translates into an opportunity loss and direct costs flowing from fresh training. Executives within a company may be lured into believing that promoting the top salesperson and putting five people under them will translate into five times the sales. This may be an illusion and may be far from reality. Promotion to a management position should not be solely based on performance only. This stems from the fact that a selling role and managerial position require distinct abilities and diverse motivators (Ingram et al. 289). A core trait that should be sought in the promotion of salespersons into management is a demonstration of being a top salesperson with a possession of a solid work ethic, among other aspects. Promotion into management for a salesperson is not a soft option as the manager is expected to manage a successful sales team and deliver predictable performance. Moreover, top salespeople who get promoted are rarely awarded a functioning, highly-effective sales team. The pressure to turn around the fortunes heaps a lot of pressure on the manager. Critics to promotion based on a selling role point out that this is a prime example of promoting people to â€Å"a level of incompetence.† The move should not be inspired by â€Å"disciple selling,† as this is a recipe for failure. The motivation of the promotion should be a conviction that the salespersons have the potential to succeed in that capacity. This demands an application of a clear cut process and methodology in order to evaluate the best sales management candidates. The depressing aspect of most promotions from selling roles is that the vast majority of the new managers are not successful in their endeavors. The move from a technical or sales position into management is usually complicated

You are an Investment Analyst Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

You are an Investment Analyst - Essay Example Amazon is an American Multinational electronic company and it is the largest online retailers dealing in a variety of products. The company was started in 1994 by Jeff Bezo and it has its headquarters in Seattle, Washington in the US. The company exists in the internet and online retailing industry. The company underwent a rebranding in 1995 when it got renamed to Amazon.com from Amazon River. It started its operations with the main objective of offering online books and it diversified its operations later on (BELEW, 2011). Among its original products we have books sold alongside CDs, MP3 downloads, DVDs, video games and a variety of software. In addition to the above, the company later on started dealing in furniture, food stuff, electronics, toys as well as jewelry. Generally, the company provides consumer electronics such as the amazon kindle e-book reader. The products it provides therefore include; IMDb, LoveFilm, The Book Depository, Zappos.com, Woot, Junglee.com, Amazon Studios, Amazon Web Services, Audible.com, dpreview.com, Endless.com, A2Z Development, A9.com, Alexa Internet, Amazon.com, and Amazon Kindle. The company targets the world market with its main consumers being, students at all levels of studies, corporates such the universities, as well as researchers. To widen their supply chain, Amazon targets major suppliers such as top publishers, manufacturers of books, together with researchers and universities. They also coordinate with manufacturers who are involved in the production of other items. Under the leadership of the company steered by Jeff, the company stresses on the principles of customer obsession, hiring and developing the best, insistence on very high quality, aspect of thinking big, vocally self-critical, invention and simplification as well as delivery of results. These leadership principles apply to everyone in the company irrespective of whether they are

HSC Speeches Essay Essay Example for Free

HSC Speeches Essay Essay â€Å"Great speeches do not merely address a contextual purpose; they also touch the hearts and minds of those who hear them†. Evaluate to what extent the statement above supports your understanding of the speeches set for study in Module B: Critical Study of Texts. Words in their most basic forms are just unintelligible sounds. Yet with the combination of emotion and verve, only then do they become meaningful. Words which not only combine emotions but also contextual misunderstandings and inequity are a recipe for the invoking of spirit. Words are the key to communication, a commonality throughout each culture, nation and religion. Though the sounds they create are different, the true intertwined emotion and feeling behind these words weave a tapestry of both global disunion and union. Words are not restricted to a language or a sound, they are infinite in there meaning and purpose. Nevertheless this doesn’t change what it invokes in the people who either hear or read it. Rather it inspires them. Contrary the popular belief, feminism is a first world idea. Margaret Atwood, a lifelong feminist, born in Canada, a country who gives females the same opportunities as men, is the epitome of a first world woman. It almost appears she is the antithesis of her global sister Aung Sun Suu Kyi. A woman, born in Burma, raised by political activists and placed under house arrest for 6 years for her movements towards equity. The importance of their upbringing though makes a resounding impact upon the audience, since their points are identical. Though they may be in different stages, the end goals are one. This display of unity spanning across nations, cultures and time creates a timeless foundation for the solidarity of women. The power of a nation and society on any individual no matter the gender has insurmountable influence upon the youth. Atwood’s ‘Spotty Handed Villainesses’ is a speech written to inspire women that it’s okay not ‘to be good all the time.’ Why should women be depicted as one dimensional characters, why is there a seemingly an innate fear amongst authors to give a female character a legitimate personality, flaws and all? She encourages readers to look past stereotypes by addressing their almost inbred mental fears. For the bad behaviour of women have no shades of grey. It is black and it is white and the lines are clearly drawn. Lest we forget when a women â€Å"was good she was very good and when she was bad she was horrid.† This tenor is also present within Suu Kyi’s speech ‘Keynote Address at the Beijing World Conference on Women’, the notion of women constantly  having to justify their own existence. These stereot ypes, nursed into infants until their adulthood reflects this symbolism awakens a sense of epiphany within the audience. The traditional belief that the patriarchal paradigm is the reason for life and the justification of living, with the instilled belief that â€Å"the dawn rises only when the rooster crows.† Atwood Suu Kyi’s words strike us, for they have found our commonality, our youth. The commonality of folk tales, which were supposedly told to enforce morals and values to us, instead enforced boundaries. These boundaries which we were too young to understand or even acknowledge solidified the link between us. These boundaries hinder the true identity of women and their position in society, For isn’t the sole idea, a commonality between all women? The contextual purpose is addressing the notion of why women cannot monopolise the â€Å"true traits† of men; for they are men and men alones traits. Yet to give these identical traits to a woman, spells her immediate downfall. Why cannot women stand on their own two god given feet, and be recognised without representing the traits of their male counterparts. This lone concept is the link, which encourages a movement within the hearts and minds of the readers, the movement to not become a stereotype. Though both speeches address the commonality of inequity, their words emanate and establish an emotion and bond meant to reach inside an individual and shock them. Their meaning rises above the words they choose to address the concept; thus manifesting in the readers psyche. The truth of the matter is that we are all spotted. Like the wicked lady Macbeth, though these spots cannot be seen, they are â€Å"indelible†. They shall never be removed, yet though they are there it doesn’t mean they should be given the power to determine a life. To be spotted isn’t ‘bad’; to be spotted is being real, and this stigma around female characters, that they are somehow more realistic than real women, the readers, is a detrimental mistake. These very stereotypes are found in every novel, article and song we either read or listen to. Whether knowingly or not women have been subordinated in their source of comfort, at their most vulnerable. Women have â€Å"no sole protector†, they are on their own and it’s time for them to recognise this and stand up for themselves, no matter their circumstance. Society is the downfall of equity and an encumbrance to the rise of feminism across the globe. These are the strength of Atwood’s and Suu Kyi’s words. These are the words that  inspire and touch the minds and hearts of those who hear them. They have grasped a contextual issue faced in both countries; female inequity, and created a movement amongst complete strangers across the globe. They have done this though creating a bond with the readers by their words. They are meant to be personified and expanded. This is why they earned the title of being a great speech.

Concrete Elastic Modulus For Various Aggregate Types Construction Essay

Concrete Elastic Modulus For Various Aggregate Types Construction Essay Concrete generally, is an inevitable constructional material in civil Engineering for profitability and economy of designs in life. Therefore, much emphasis must be placed on the efficacy for sustainability of the people to avoid risk of progressive collapse due to the instability of its nature after design. It is a challenge to curb the menace of inadequacy of design for the durability of concrete all day. The heterogeneity of concrete is real to be composed of Cement, Water (uncontaminated), Fine and Coarse aggregates otherwise known as constituent materials. The fossils lie embedded in a matrix of cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates and, are so strong because of the binding ability of the properties, absorbency in nature and most importantly, skilful knowledge of the designers during construction. The volume of concrete occupied by the coarse aggregates is significantly great compared to other properties thereby, playing the biggest role in terms of given desired strength re commended by different professional associations in the world. Concrete also is made up high compressive strength and a low value of tensile strength. It is used to protect corrosion of steel reinforcing bars. The importance to investigate concrete Elastic Modulus for various aggregate types as a parameter which enhances deformation resulting to cracks during serviceability with time is a course that cannot be undermined in the study of concrete properties. This implies that Elastic Modulus is a property that depends on compressive strength and aggregates stiffness. Strength and Stiffness are termed as the most probable important of all the properties of concrete materials considered for suitable structures design. The strength of a material obviously controls the estimation of the collapse load of a structure. Stiffness is important to ensuring un-deflection too much under load as well as dominates the avoidance of buckling of compression members. The characteristic strength of concrete is said to be classified based on designated concrete called strength class that depends on the types of constructions to be executed. When the value of compressive strength is too high there is a probability that most of the structures will be constructed of concrete possessing strength below this value and, too low a value will cause inefficient use of materials. So, it is the characteristic strength value of the cube strength at 28 days below which not more than 5% of the test out comes may be expected to depreciate is the primary concern of every designer at every point in time. The British Standards BS8110 indentifies the clause: The Strength, below which, not more than 5% of specimen will fail to signify strength that is very close to the mean value of a large samples of concrete normally distributed in a Bell-shaped against the frequency. This is idealized that some samples of concrete are stronger while others are weaker in strength and these variations are measure of the standard deviation. 1.20. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION The properties of concrete in compression are attributed to Short- term and Long-term loadings when discussing the linearity and un-linearity of the stress-strain curve. Short-term loading is used for Normal weight or density concrete and represented the most linear part called the elastic region of the stress-strain curve. The curve defines the uniaxial compressive test performed at normal, average speed on concrete at 28 days. The straight elastic portion describes how stress and strain are closely related before maximum stress is effective. Modulus of Elasticity is a derivative parameter resulting from the slope of this linear portion of the curve and is always larger in value when the strength of the concrete increases. The stress-strain curve shape varies considerably for identical concrete of the same cylindrical strength under the same loading condition and this strange behaviour depicts the variability in concrete samples due to one factor or the other from testing procedures : Nilson, Darwin and Dolon (2004:40). Long-term loading is the creeping nature of concrete with time. This is the continuous loading of concrete beyond 28 days of aged. The deformations of concrete are practically observed at this point in time which are proportional to the magnitude of the stress. At this region on the stress-strain curve, the stress is not longer linear. In addition to the load level, creep depends on the average humidity which is an important parameter to be investigated when designing a concrete. 1.30. THE REVIEW OF OTHER WORKS Based on the review of others, the Magazine of concrete Research(1991), Kaplan revealed that concrete with the same compressive strength may have different dynamic modulus of elasticity of different aggregates. The British Standard Institute CP110, and European Code; model code for concrete structures whereas made no provision but grossly looked at estimating compressive strength only. ACI Code tried in its little way to include a term for concrete density the expression for elastic modulus, since this term is raised to the power of 1.5, it has considerable weighting. But the BS110 has provided bases to satisfy new expressions for estimating the elastic modulus based on the work of Teychenne, to conform to the Stress-strain relationship of concrete such that: Ec28 = Ko + 0.2fcu28 BS8110, Ec28 = 5.5cu28 /à ¡Ã‚ µ) and Et /Ec28 = 0.4 + 0.6ft /f28 where, Ec28 = concrete elastic modulus at 28 days. fcu28 = characteristic concrete strength at 28 days. Ko = stiffness factor of aggregates (usually taken as 20Gpa, and 0.2 is a coefficient) by Teychenne but Code varying from 14 to 26Gpa. t = required age in days. And these expressions have functional relationship which the elastic modulus yields to at all points in time for consistency of analysis of the properties of materials. Hence, this project is only pivoted on the overall ideas and assumptions of the BS8110 to investigation the effects of four aggregate types (Granite, Gravel, Grey Limestone and White Polar Chippings) of the same size of 10mm, on compressive strength at 28 days. OBJECTIVES: To have a thorough justification by testing the effects of these four aggregates on the Elastic modulus of concrete to conform to the generalized approach of the BS8110 expressions. To critically compare and contrast the similarities or uniqueness between the experimental values of compressive strength targeted at 40-50N/mm2 of high strength concrete. To generally examine the aggregates stiffness in relation to Elastic modulus. Comparing compressive strengths of concrete in different proportion by volume of fine coarse aggregates of the concrete samples ( and in this case, 30:70% and 40:60% ratios is used) respectively. To verify the justification that the compressive strength of a cube is feasibly higher than the compressive strength of a cylinder when tested. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.0. BACKGROUND Concrete as heterogeneous material is categorized into normal and light weight concrete based on the design performance relating the characteristic strengths and densities of materials to suit appropriate constructions. The high strength concrete is term generally used to mean concrete with a uniaxial compressive strength value greater than 41Mpa, as assumed by the ACI committee 363. This is used for the Design of columns especially of high residential structures, Bridge of longer spans, offshore oil platforms and so on: Nilson, Darwin and Dolan (2004:52). Higher Elastic modulus and coefficient of creep lower reduce long-term deflection in compression. The disadvantages include the reduction in ultimate strain capacity, brittleness in compression and increase the tendency of cracks to occur and not economical. The requirement is of low water-cement ratio below 0.25 according to Nilson, Darwin and Dolan (2004:53). low strength is otherwise known as conventional concrete having the str ength less than high strength concrete according to Bashir, Almusallam and Maslehuddin; In constructional and building Materials (2003: 97-103). High strength concrete is relative to a uniaxial compressive strength that is greater than that which is derived ordinarily in a region because maximum strength of concrete that is currently being produced varies considerably from one region to the other: Bahshir, Almusallam and Maslehuddin (2003:2). Hence, the using of high strength brings about the reduction of cross sectional area and dead loads in a structure. The functional mechanism of concrete depends on the overall constituent materials which are basically cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates in defined proportions with different properties resulting to characteristic strengths. The efficacy of a characteristic strength is attained only when the materials are properly selected, manufactured and designed, and the properties well defined and handled to yield desired result. Several investigators and researchers have revealed through their experimental works the influence of materials composite on the Elastic modulus and Compressive strength. Specifically, the Construction and Building Materials research (2002) and (2003). These respective Materials recognized that concrete should be properly examined as a three phase constituent materials of aggregates, cement and a transition between them. Also, that the transition zone is ranged 10-50 thick and generally seen as being the weakest component of concrete resulting to influence on the mechanical behaviour of concrete as could be compared to volumetric importance according to the Construction and Building Materials (2010:505-512). 2.2.0.THE DEFECTIVES OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE (HSC). The problem of the High Strength Concrete as justified by the Construction and Building Materials (2003:3) is that cracking is more generalize and tends to homogeneous material characteristic as compared to the normal concrete: Bashir, Almusallam, Maslehuddin (2003:97-103). Also, High strength Concrete behaves as a linear elastic property and being subjected to brittleness than Normal concrete strength hence, cumulated that it is paramount to propound data on the mechanical properties of hardened concrete particularly, its strength in relation to the ideas of Bashir, Almusallam, Maslehuddin (2003:97-103); further argued that there is a good correlation between the Engineering properties of concrete such as stiffness factor. Generally, it is understood that besides the constituent materials, Mix design and Stiffness also play importance roles to enhance strength accumulation in concrete design. And the below flow chart may be used simply to illustrate how concrete is form from various materials including design mix to achieve desired strength and durability. DESIGN CONCRETE MATERIALS CEMENT, WATER, FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES MIX-DESIGN PROPERTIES ( Strength, Workability and Durability ) Others Creep and Shrinkage Elastic modulus Fire resistance Resistance to abrasion Thermal conductivity Figure 1: Concrete Flow Chart 2.3.0. DESIGN MATERIALS There are basically three constituent materials of concrete for design purpose namely: Cement. Fine and Coarse Aggregate. Water. 2.3.1. CEMENT Cement as a design material is of various types but more importantly restricted to the Ordinary Port land type for the purpose of this investigation. It constitutes principally of chemical compound such as Dicalcuim and Tricalcium Silicates in different proportions by percentage. Cement fineness and soundness are the most properties of interest to be examined to achieve desired concrete strength according to the British Standard Institution (1991:20). It is believe that High Strength Concrete is resulting from high performance Ordinary Portland cement well ground in good proportion. The Cement paste helps to harden concrete to gain strength through a chemical reaction known as hydration property due to curing at 28 days age. It also mixes with water to fill the void of aggregates which enables the concrete to be easily placed and flows to avoid shrinkage. An Ordinary Port land Cement is one which all the particles will pass a No.100 sieve and over 95% will pass a No.200 sieve in British Standard (1991) and, must have minimum strength of (compressive strength) for 3-day mortal cubes of less than 15N/mm2, 7-day 23N/mm2 and 3-day concrete 8N/mm2 while, 7-day 14n/mm2, Kong and Evans (1996:20). Its weight is a function of the degree of compaction which is roughly taken as 1450kg/m2: Kong and Evans (1996). 2.3.2. AGGREGATES Aggregates are the most important constituent materials of concrete. These materials constitute about 65-75% by volume of hardened mass occupied in concrete mix thereby, constituting the highest quota of concrete strength. The High performance strength of concrete is due to the type of aggregates to be used in design. There are two main types known as fine and coarse aggregates. 2.3.2.1. Fine Aggregate This is natural sand from a good source free of impurities and contaminations that is capable of achieving the cohesiveness of the mix and desired strength: Kong and Evans (1996). Fine Aggregate is derived from natural sand or crushed stone sand or crushed gravel with particle capable of passing a 5mm sieve by Kong and Evans. A technically satisfied fine aggregate is one which has the capability of producing satisfactory concrete: Day (1999). It is said by Day to be standard and substandard if having the effect of retarding set, increased bleeding, excessive air entrainment, poor workability and increased water requirement, resulting in increase in shrinkage and extra cost. Most importantly, the features of a fine aggregate that affect the functionality of a design concrete has been identified by Day (1999): (i). Grading. (ii). Particle shape and surface texture. (iii). Clay. (iv). Chemical catalysts (salt and alkaline). (v). presence of mechanical weak particle. (vi). Water absorption level. (vi). source. However, this investigation only discus on the effect of Grading, Particle shape and texture, and more importantly source of the aggregates. 2.3.2.2. Coarse Aggregates . The properties of a coarse aggregate rely on solely the source of basic rock, the crushing process and its treatment in terms of separation into fractions, segregation and contamination as proposed by Day (1999). It is also noted that a coarse aggregate is one which is derived crushed stone, crushed gravel that can retain on a 5mm sieve according to Kong and Evans (1996). One important feature of a coarse aggregate is the bond characteristic usually associated high strength concrete which flexural and tensile strength are of special consideration, and it is a composite nature of chemical effects of surface roughness, particle shapes, water absorption and cleanliness by Day (19990. Again, Kong and Evans (1996); propounded that the durability and chemical inert under expose condition is the most requirement of a coarse aggregate, and the size, shape and surface texture and grading are said to be physical requirements must be examined because these are characteristics which enhance the strength or weakness of concrete. 2.4.0. GRADING A durable concrete must be dense, and when fresh, good enough for compaction: Kong and Evans (1996). There are voids comprise of mixture of cement, water and fine aggregate in mortar and that which is slightly more than sufficient is recommended to fill the voids of coarse and, cement paste slightly more than sufficient also to fill the voids of fine aggregate: Kong and Evans (1996). The voids are seen as functions of grading and particle size distribution by Kong and Evans. Generally, grading is the total way of accessing or categorizing the fineness and grade to which workability of concrete can be achieved considerably at a good flow. This is carried out through a comparative idea of sieve analysis as well as particle size distribution based on the recommendation by British Standards or ASTM of sieve sizes. These sieve sizes are used to estimate the cumulative percentage of finer of the weight retained particles on each sieve. And to comply with the BS 882, the percentages for the coarse aggregate and fine aggregate should fall within the limit the below tables: Kong and Evans (19960). Table2.10 Grading Limits for Coarse Aggregates Percentage by weight passing the standard sieves Nominal size of Aggregates Standards sieve (mm) 40mm to 5mm 20mm to 5mm 14mm to 5mm 50.0 100 37. 90-100 100 20.0 35-70 90-100 100 14.0 90-100 10.0 10-40 30-60 50-85 5.0 0-5 0-10 0-10 Kong and Evans (1996:36) Table2.20 Grading Limits for Fine Aggregates Percentage by weight passing the standard sieves Additional Limits for Grading Sieve Overall Limits C M F 10.0mm 100 5.0mm 89-100 2.36mm 60-100 60-100 65-100 80-100 1.18mm 30-100 30-90 45-100 70-100 600mm 15-100 15-54 25-80 55-100 300 5-70 5-40 5-48 5-70 150mm 0-15 0-15 Kong and Evans (1996:36). The above tables show that especially, the fine aggregate has zone division from coarse, medium and finer. The divisions are larger based on percentage passing the 600mm meaning in a fresh concrete mix, the content of the fine aggregate penetrating has an advantage over workability. 2.5.0. THE CONTENT AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION In the Construction and Building Materials (2010:505-512); Meddah, Zitouni and Belaabes used the effect of content and particle size distribution of coarse aggregate on the compressive strength as a base for argument of concrete strength. This revealed that several properties of aggregate such as degree of weathering, specific gravity, hardness, chemical, and mineral composition, shape, roughness, physical and chemical stability and pore structure are connected to the parent rock. Also, that adequate proportion of granular fractions depend on the type of concrete targeted and thereby, used similar aggregates such as Limestone, Basalt, Diabase, Granite and Quartz of the sizes of 15mm and 25mm for comparison; and ascertained after experimentation that the great effect on the usefulness of aggregates is largely depends on the particle size distribution. Meddah, Zitouni and Belaabes (2010) came to conclusion that; The value of compressive strength of normal concrete increases with the maximum size of coarse aggregates. The content of the coarse aggregates has a great influence on the compressive strength of both normal and high strength concrete, and increase in compressive strength is succeeded. The advantage of the coarse aggregate grains distribution on compressive strength of High Strength concrete is significant as compared to the Normal concrete. The compressive strength is strongly connected to the coarse aggregates parameters such as content proportion of fine to coarse aggregate and grain distribution of concrete mixture. Furthermore, Kong and Evans (1996) also supports these arguments but emphasize that higher coarse aggregate sizes results to lower water/cement ratio to achieve reasonable workability and higher strength of concrete. The reduced water/cement ratio is been offset by the strong effect of the lower bond area at the interface of the cement paste and the aggregate and of the discontinuities caused by the large particles. 2.6.0. EFFECT OF AGGREGATE SOURCE Relative to the action of various aggregate types on concrete properties called Elastic Modulus and compressive strength, several researches have been carried out by different people to justify the boredom to study how the negative impacts are reduced considerably on concrete strength collective sources of aggregates. In the Magazine of Concrete Research of (1999:291-304); this work reported the applicability of the BS approach to a range of 13 different aggregate types from a source in South Africa that the strength of concrete depends not only on stiffness, particle sizes, shape and texture, mix design but on selected sources of the aggregates. The source of controls the physical properties such as Relative Density RD, Look Bulk Density LBD, and Consolidated Bulk Density CBD, water absorption and Coefficient of thermal expansion should be examined in addition. Thus, Alexander (1991:291-304) concluded the results of his experimentation after thorough comparison to others that different aggregates produce different compressive and Elastic Modulus depending on their sources of selection which should be free from contaminations such as sodium chloride or alkaline and, was strongly supported by Day (1999); that chloride content of aggregates collected from beach sand is contaminated than dredge sand from sea. This contamination cause efflorescence and higher shrinkage and utter the setting and handing rates of concrete. 2.7.0. WATER Water is necessary for the design of concrete since it enables the concrete to be properly mix the constituent materials together for compatibility. This design water should be free of contamination of sodium chloride, oils, alkalis and sugar which are catalysts to reduce the effect or workability of the constituent materials of concrete. The requirement for water testing has been provided by the BS3148 for concrete suitability. Suitable water of concrete is otherwise known as design water when the measured volume is enabled to be predicted by the idea of mix design. It is also known as consumable water or hygienic water is necessary in concrete cast to have the desired strength and, if water is suspected to be contaminated, it is advisable by the BS3148 to run or cast a series of test sample made of contaminated and hygienic water to enable the designer to predict its effect on concrete and made decision on the selection of minimum quantity or volume of water is required for optimum strength of concrete whereas, large volume of water gives low strength of concrete. Excess volume of water leads to loss of slump. Workability of concrete depends on the water content used for design when considering the water/cement ratio criterion of mix design. 2.80. PRACTICAL MIX-DESIGN The term Mix-Design is the ability or a medium of selecting good components of concrete known as binders that are normally accessed on batching by weight or volume. The major aim of mix design is to select the optimum ratio of cement, water and aggregates to achieve a concrete with desired strength, workability, durability and economy: Kong and Evans (1996:50). It is strongly emphasize by Kong and Evans that practical mix design are based on the free water/cement ratio as the most important factor and the water content to determine or influence the strength of concrete. The batching relative to weight is preferably important in design of concrete for desired strength, and the idea or process revolves round water/cement proportion for batching weight of concrete for conventional aggregates especially with a constant density in question. 2.8.1. Water- Cement Ratio In general practice of concrete technology, water/cement ratio is perhaps the most important emphasized parameter to be examined in design. The base point of a typical mix design is the proper placed value of the water/cement ratio. It is simply the ratio of water to cement in terms of weight: Kong and Evans (1996). Practical mix design methods engaged the free water/cement and water content which are the two required factors that influence the strength, durability and workability of concrete. In the calculation of the water/cement ratio only the weight of the free water is used amongst the overall water absorbed by the aggregates and, it is the total water less the absorbed water while, the water content is the weight of the free water per unit volume of concrete: Kong and Evans (1996:50). Kong and Evans emphasized that the establishment by an initial mixes otherwise known as trails batch or adjustments on site: supported by Day (1999). Both researchers re cognised that there are two basically main methods of mix design captured from the works of Road Research Laboratory, the American Concrete Institute and Department of the Environment DoE known as the Traditional and DoE mixes. The water/cement ratio is chosen for strength and workability at average of 28 days called the mean target strength relative to characteristic strength: value that exceeds by a suitable margin known as current margin. 2.90. DURABILITY/ PEAMEABILITY OF CONCRETE 2.9.1. Durability The ability of a concrete to achieve its purpose of design in service is very important in design. The parameters that influence the potential integrity of concrete is over estimated in terms of durability of concrete. The provision of appropriate workability, suitable cement, aggregates and water as major ingredients of concrete in accordance with given standard and codes of practice are the base line. The tendency of concrete to exhibit a free corrosive nature and, a maximum protection against external forms of attack is impinge upon the correct choice of materials and adequate proportions: Lydon (1983). Durable design concrete is stable and capable of withstanding all the environmental conditions to which it is exposed: Kong and Evans (1996:38). 2.9.2 Permeability Permeability of concrete is related to durability and it is the crawl at which water can pass through the concrete: Kong and Evans (1996:39). Low permeable enables the concrete to withstand the effects of weathering, rain and action of freezing and thawing exposed conditions. The permeability of concrete increase rapidly with amount of voids and water/cement ratio and, when the amount over influxes the strength of concrete reduces. It is advisable that permeability should not exceed 7% else, bound to be corrosion in case of reinforcement: Kong and Evans (1996). 2.10. CREEP PROPERTY OF CONCRETE. Creep is a property of concrete that depends on loading duration. When there is an increase in strength in concrete with age, it is said to be under creeping condition. Creep is not actually proportional to strength but inversely related and can be estimated provided the strength-age could be determined. This is generally relative to the creep values of specimen concrete mixes which is derived from loading to one-third of the cube strength at 28 days curing age: Kong and Evans (1996:30). The concrete is unlikely to be stressed beyond one-half of the cube strength and, the creep of concrete at specified period of loading is roughly estimated to be proportional to the stress by Kong and Evans. Different concrete of the same cement paste content would produce creep that is approximately proportional to the stress/ strength ratio. Desired strength unaffected by creep is determined with respect to the avoidance of long term loading duration of concrete. The rate at which creep increases d epends on the increase in temperature as a linear function and, at a value of 1% of the 15 oC creep for each degree Celsius: Kong and Evans (1996:31). Generally, aggregate-cement ratio, aggregate content, cement content and water content do not have any significant effect on creep but water-cement ratio and cement type influence the level of creep in concrete design. 2.11. SHRINKAGE PROPERTY OF CONCRETE The shortening in length or contraction of concrete as a result of absorption of water in the gel is related to dry shrinkage: Kong and Evans (1996:33). It is a physical property of concrete unlike creep of chemical influence. Aggregate content, fineness of cement, and temperature influence the level of shrinkage of concrete. Low shrinkage concrete contains non-shrinking aggregates like limestone Quartzite gravel, mountain limestone, blast furnace slag, dolomite, granite and so on: Kong and Evans (1996:35). While, high shrinkage is as a result of aggregates volume change on wetting and drying such as slate, sandstone, basalt so on. Both coarse and fine aggregates influence the level of concrete shrinkage more importantly and, shrinkage is been reduced by using various aggregates of high Moduli of Elasticity that are dense and hard. 2.11.1. Aggregates Shrinkage Mechanism In Concrete Aggregates do undergo change in volume because they contain some minerals in form of clay which swell up when absorbing water or dry out and shrink. During setting of concrete, the cement paste volume changes. Forces are exerted during setting on aggregates resulting in moisture content affecting the overall size of the aggregate. The total weight of aggregates is that which is related to Elastic modulus and the volume ratio of the cement paste. It is reasonable to say that all aggregates suppose to be shrinkable to a greater or less extent as well as change in volume for proper classifications and selections for high or low shrinkage types: Pike (1990). The effect of high shrinkage causes unwanted movement or cracks and reduction in durability of concrete thereby leads to corrosion of the reinforcement members. 2.12. CONCRETE STRENGTH The design strength is associated with Compressive strength of concrete which is the common measure for judging a standard durable concrete at 28 days curing age. Buildings and other Engineering structures are purely designed with the most performance estimate of the compressive strength for stability, workability and durability of concrete. In the National Ready Mix Concrete association (NRMCA:2003); compressive strength is generally regarded as a measure by breaking Cylindrical Concrete Specimens in a Compressive Testing Machine basically, based on the precepts of the BS8110 and ASTM. The estimation of compressive strength is derived from the failure load over the cross-sectional area that is resisting the load of unit of mega Pasca (Mpa); an International standard Unit of measurement: BS8110 (1985) and NRMCA (2003). Compressive Strength of concrete varies from 17-28Mpa. The compressive needs to be determined from a concrete mixture to attain the desired or required strength for sp ecified for a job. The strength tested results from cast concrete cylinder is used for quality control, estimation of strength or acceptance of concrete in

Computer Addiction :: Computers Technology Addictions Essays

Computer Addiction Have you ever thought how much time do you spend using on a computer in a day/week? Computers are as common in numerous households around the world. People from all age groups are learning to operate computers and anyone who has worked with computers for long periods of time knows that computers can be just as addicting as drinking every night of the week. Take further, Computer addiction can have a number of physical, social, and psychological effects on a person, and it is to be taken as seriously as any other addiction that a person is against, but what are those possible effects of spending too much time on the computer, and what are the causes. There are many causes for people are addicting on the computer. First of all, students have free access to the Internet and easily available at most schools’ computer lab. Because it is free and most school provide an e-mail account and have no limit the amount of time for student to log on. Second, anyone who addicts to Internet has a bigger problem with social life; especially, people who are easily bored, lonely, shy, relationship problem, lake of self-confidence and low self-esteem. They may rely on the computer screen to solve personal problems or meet their needs for companionship. However to ignore what cause people to addict on the computers, the endless new connections are that draws addicts to all of us. The effect of students addict on the computer not only can they lose their schoolwork or jobs but also would become withdrawn from the community. As they become unable to limit their time spent online often for many hours; therefore, students are to minimize the time communication with others. In addition, as they spent every night of the week on computer, consequently, they get fail from the school. On the other hands, people who have trouble with their social life not only can they get worse but also can lead to seriousness psychological problems. As they more likely to meet their needs for companionship form the Internet the more they become escape from the reality and become personality disorder. It has met from the article â€Å"Internet addiction: genuine diagnosis or not?

Mastering The Short Story :: essays research papers

Mastering The Short Story Although I perceive Paul Darcy Boles to be an uppity, egotistic, and somewhat euphorically rambling old man from his style of writing, there is some beneficial information for someone wishing to create a commercially viable short story. However, I feel that creating a story with the goal of marketability is a grave mistake that ruins countless numbers of otherwise perfectly enjoyable works of literature. It is no surprise that this style of writing is being taught to the new generation, which promises to be far more creative than it's predecessors. Boles' first advice is to follow Chekhov's observation: "The art of writing is the art of abbreviation." A story of 3000 words or less has no need for excessive 1 paragraph descriptions. "Today's reader" (whoever that is) has no need for the descriptive style found in older works. So much for Alistair MacLeod. A lot of importance is put on not stringing random sentences together. Each sentence should be aimed towards a specific goal. The sum total of these sentences is your story. Boles' views a sentence as a factor in a mathematical equation. He also gets almost romantic about the sentence as a living, sentient being. Once you shovel the pop-lit drivel where it belongs, you are free to apply his suggestions to your own work. It is a good idea to check your story for too much obvious meaning. Not only will this make the story shorter and clearer, the hidden meanings imbedded in the story will have a chance to be probed and discovered. As well, avoid "signpost" sentences that could easily be replaced by more legitimate conversations or actions. A lot of emphasis is put on simulating a sense of "in-ness"; that is, giving your work a believable lived in feeling. When reading the story, one should have a clear picture of the environment around it's characters, and it is of imperial importance that it is realistic. In conclusion, Boles discusses the important of a strong beginning and

The Complexity of Marjane Satrapis Persepolis Essay -- Muslim Women

If a person were to hastily flip through the pages of Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis, using only eyes to judge, the book could easily be put off as just another piece of literary fluff. Their inner literary critic might utter a perplexed gasp and their mind might reel with the wonder at how they happened upon something that was surely intended for the children’s comic book section. With any further examination of the book’s literary content and the power of its simplified artwork, however, such an easy to assume accusation shows through as fatally incorrect. Persepolis is the memoir of a young woman growing up in the decimating national conflicts of 1970s Iran depicted alongside an unexpectedly, simplified artwork style. At first it may appear that this is done only for the sake of unique marketability or because it is merely Satrapi’s natural drawing style. A deeper examination, however, will reveal that â€Å"†¦a form of amplification through simplification† (McCloud, 30) is achieved and visual support is given to the text in a manner that realistic or more â€Å"serious† art could not accomplish. Though simplified in its artistic approach, Persepolis is anything but simplified in content. When a writer chooses to include illustrations in a piece of literature, the first task is to decide the level of abstraction/ realism the art will present. In Persepolis’ case, a simplified art style works best, as it amplifies only the primary features of the text, unlike realism which would be far more focused on social details. Given the book’s heavy subject matter (of both a war beyond massive devastation and the metamorphosis of a girl caught in its trauma), Persepolis has a great deal of information to cover in t... ...captivating and personally significant aspects of her experience. Through generality and a lack of explicit realism, Satrapi invigorates the book’s deeper messages in a manner that extends beyond the written word and into conceptual imagery. â€Å"By de-emphasizing the appearance of the physical world†¦the cartoon places itself in the world of concepts† (McCloud 41), concepts that convey the subjective, but still far too true life of Marjane Satrapi. This simplified and symbolic universe is not Iran or Austria or France; it is Marjane’s Persepolis. Works Cited McCloud, Scott. Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art. New York: HyperCollins Publishers, 1993. Print Strapi, Marjane. Persepolis: The Story of Childhood. Paris, France: L’Association, 2003. Print. Strapi, Marjane. Persepolis 2: The Story of Return. Paris, France: L’Association, 2004.Print

A sequence of diary entries as Mrs Danvers, reflecting on three or four important episodes in the novel

â€Å"Mrs de Winter†, everyone called her. She is not worthy of the name. That girl, who arrived at magnificent Manderley in an ugly stockinette dress, awkwardly clutching a pair of gauntlet gloves, is not fit to be called the name that was given to my Rebecca. Rebecca was beautiful. Rebecca always knew what to do and what to say, so unlike this girl who shuffled nervously up the flight of steps and stood gauchely on the threshold of the house. No, this new girl is nothing compared to Rebecca's perfection. I was glad I had collected the whole staff to welcome her, despite Maxim's letters. The hall was full of people, all wanting to see â€Å"the new Mrs de Winter†, a sea of faces staring down at her. I wanted her to feel as uncomfortable as possible, and I succeeded, for when I advanced from the crowd and lay my hand in hers, I felt it was hot and damp. As I gave her the cold speech that I had rehearsed, she could not even lift her eyes to meet mine. When I finished, she blushed a bright scarlet, stammered some kind of thanks in return, and clumsily dropped both her gloves. What an ill-bred girl! As I stooped to pick them up, I did not care to hide the smile of scorn upon my lips, for I knew she would never have the courage to challenge me. Later, when they had finished tea, I showed her up to her room. She tried to smile at me, a weak, artificial smile, which I did not return. She walked around the meagre room, and said that it was â€Å"very charming†. Silly girl! The room they have now is nothing compared to the room Mr de Winter shared with Rebecca. Their room, in the magnificent West Wing, was twice as large as this; a very beautiful room, with a scrolled ceiling, expensive tapestry chairs and a great carved mantelpiece. It was the best room in the house, whilst this one, in the East Wing, is hardly ever used, and only then by visitors. It is a second-rate room, which is only natural, as this girl is such a second-rate person. I watched her disdainfully as she sat down nervously at the dressing table and started to brush her lank mousy hair, all the while trying to make conversation, trying to win me over, not knowing that I will never let her take my Rebecca's place. I almost pitied this poor girl, for she will never fit in here. No one will ever accept her. I watched her face scornfully as I told her about the West Wing, how beautiful the room was, how expensive the furnishings were, and I compared it with the inferiority of this room. I wanted her to think that Mr de Winter put her here because he does not love her, as I am sure he does not, not after Rebecca. I watched her face, this unattractive face, and saw that already she feared Rebecca and me. She will be no match against us. June I caught the new Mrs de Winter in Rebecca's room today. She was snooping around because of Jack Favell's visit. Jack Favell came today, because Mr de Winter was away. We went up to Rebecca's room, and that was where Favell saw the new Mrs de Winter approach the house back from her walk. I quickly closed the shutters and we went downstairs so Favell could leave before she saw him, only to find her spying on us from behind the morning room door. Mr de Winter had not told her about Favell then, for she was unaware of his position, and invited him to tea. If I had not been present Favell would have accepted, rash and stupid as he is. However he insisted on showing her his hideous green car, as a way of impressing her. I would not put it past him to have offered to drive her to the lodge gates. What a way to behave to someone who may very well go running to Mr de Winter as soon as he returns! A little after half past four, I went up to Rebecca's room in the West Wing. There, as I had almost expected, at the window, stood the new Mrs de Winter. As she turned pale and awkwardly mumbled an excuse about closing the shutters, I saw that the latch of the wardrobe was not quite closed and the nightdress had been disturbed on the bed, and I knew she had been around the room. She had sat down at Rebecca's dressing table, looked in Rebecca's mirror, touched Rebecca's dressing gown, Rebecca's slippers, Rebecca's quilt, Rebecca's nightdress, and looked at Rebecca's clothes. She had disrupted Rebecca's peace, the peace that I had kept here from the day she died. It occurred to me, this girl was afraid, that was why she came up here. She was afraid of Rebecca, who still ruled at Manderley. She had to see for herself, and after seeing, she felt like an intruder in Rebecca's house, for I keep everything exactly the same as when Rebecca was alive; it is as if Rebecca's spirit still lives in that room. I took her arm and led her around the room, ingratiating, honey-sweet, falsely fawning, showing her the entire room, every last detail, every single expensive ornament and every intricate fabric. I wanted her to see how inferior she was compared to Rebecca. Rebecca was so much taller than her, for when I held up Rebecca's gown it reached down to the girl's ankles. I forced her hands into Rebecca's tiny slippers to show how delicate Rebecca's feet were. I showed her Rebecca's brushes, and told her about hair-drill, how Mr de Winter used to brush it for her, and she would laugh, â€Å"Harder, Max, harder.† It hurt me greatly to talk about these things, especially about Rebecca's death as I think every time about how I could have prevented it, but as I watched the new Mrs de Winter's face I knew that it hurt her more. I blame myself for my lady's death. I had been away, only because Rebecca was in London. When I got back, however, the servants told me she had returned, then went out again. If only I had been there, just to warn her about sailing in such weather. She always listened to me. She would have moaned, and called me an â€Å"old fuss-pot†, and we would have stayed home, talking until late about all she had done in London. I told her about Mr de Winter's grief, how he paced up and down every night after her death. I wanted to make her realise, nobody wants her here. She is only here because Rebecca died. She is only here because of an accident. I told her about how I sometimes think I hear Rebecca walking behind me along the corridor. I asked her if she sometimes thought the dead come back and watch the living, whether Rebecca comes back to watch her. I frightened her, for when I finally opened the door to let her pass she refused to look at me and stumbled as she ran. July Mr de Winter has decided to revive the fancy dress ball. There was much excitement in the house as the preparations took place. The whole village was talking about it, remembering the last ball at Manderley. The fancy dress balls had always been magnificent affairs, with fireworks and music, the great hall full of adoring people, lords and ladies, the bishop and his wife, people from Kerrith and around, and standing in the centre of the room would be Rebecca, smiling, shining in her dress, looking more charming than anyone else. Everyone talked about how elegant she was, how wonderful Manderley looked, and what a lucky man Mr de Winter was. Whenever there was a pause in the stream of guests, she would turn to me and we would share a smile at how well we had organised the whole thing. The preparations this year brought for me a stab of pain. In all the busy arrangements, there was no Rebecca. The servants carried on, it seemed, as if they had forgotten her, and instead went to this child, calling her â€Å"Mrs de Winter†. However, the girl is incapable of such a task as running the Manderley ball. While Rebecca organised everything, depicting precisely the flowers on the tables, writing each of the invitations, this ignorant girl did not even lick a stamp, instead choosing to stand about doing nothing except getting in the way. She is entirely unsuited to the position which she forced herself into. A few days before the ball, I found some of those sketches of hers in the waste paper basket. She had been considering what to wear for the ball. As you can imagine I was filled with derision at this. How typical for someone like her to be stuck for something to wear! I laughed as I thought of her trying so hard to find something special, not knowing that nothing she could find would make her even half of what Rebecca was. That was when the idea came to me, a fantastic idea. I took up the flimsy sketches and arrived at her room. As I confronted her about her lack of decision, she avoided my gaze and began to file her short, brittle nails in her nervousness. I suggested to her the idea of copying one of the pictures from the gallery, in particular the one of the young lady in white, with a hat in her hand. That picture was Caroline de Winter, a sister of Mr de Winter's great-great grandfather. She married a great Whig politician and was a famous London beauty for many years. What the new Mrs de Winter does not know is that at the last fancy dress ball at Manderley, Rebecca had copied the exact same picture. Of course, this girl and my Rebecca are very unalike, but with exactly the same costume, and a wig, I was sure that the first thing the guests would think of will be Rebecca. Mr de Winter will get such a shock, which he deserves for letting this girl take Rebecca's cherished place. Everyone will think that she did it all on purpose; it will be another one of her silly inexperienced slip-ups. I was determined that, amidst the celebrations for the â€Å"new bride†, no one will forget Rebecca. As I expected, the girl did order the dress, and on the evening of the ball I heard her and Clarice the little maid giggling in her room like two silly schoolgirls. I stood and waited in the doorway leading to the West Wing, so I could see everything. In due course, the music stopped, and the drum started beating, a soft humming sound escalating to what sounded to me like ominous thunder. The drummer shouted, â€Å"Miss Caroline de Winter.† A figure appeared at the head of the stairs, dressed in white, a sash and a ribbon, her hat in her hand, her curls standing out from her face. It was the very image of Rebecca. I was overwhelmed; the resemblance was striking; my eyes stung as I almost, almost believed that it was my Rebecca, that my dear Rebecca was back, standing at the top of the stairs, waiting to meet the applause. No applause came. I was torn back into reality as I realised that the whole hall was still. Then they must have all seen it. Yet the girl went on smiling, putting one hand on the banister. â€Å"How do you do, Mr de Winter,† she said. Mr de Winter stood still. He stared up at her, his glass in his hand, his face drained of colour, ashen white. The girl began to be afraid. My plan had worked, Mr de Winter was angry at her, and she had humiliated herself in front of all the guests. I heard her trembling voice in the hall, the long silences, the harsh tones of Mr de Winter. Then I saw her blindly running down the empty corridor, a stunned and stupid animal. She saw me standing triumphantly in the doorway, not caring to hide the loathing I felt for her. She turned and ran from me, tripping and stumbling, down the long narrow passages of Manderley, a home that is not, and will never be, her own. July, a few days later Rebecca is back. Not in person, but I feel her here. Last night Frith brought back the rumour that the Je Reviens was found by divers who went down about the ship in the bay, the one that ran aground when the bearings were confused. However, it cannot be Rebecca's boat. Rebecca's boat was crashed to bits on the rocks, yet this one was perfectly sound. When the diver broke through, he also found something else, a body. Who could it be? The flesh is rotted away by now, so as yet nobody knows. I cannot think who it could be. It cannot possibly be Rebecca, as she was found and identified at Edgecoombe over a year ago. Maybe Mr de Winter made a mistake when he identified her? Yet Rebecca is too experienced a sailor to let herself be trapped in the cabin like that. Could the body belong to one of Rebecca's men? This morning I received a message from Robert that the new Mrs de Winter wanted the menu changed to a hot meal. I was surprised, for she had never before dared to contradict anything I had done, and I did not think it necessary to bother serving someone like her a hot meal while there were plenty of leftovers from yesterday. It was even more astonishing that she should have sent the message by Robert. I confronted her about it. â€Å"I'm not used to having messages sent to me by Robert,† I said. â€Å"If Mrs de Winter wanted anything changed she would ring me personally on the house telephone.† I expected her to blush, and apologise, maybe even offer to keep the menu the way it was before. Instead, she looked at me, calmly and composedly, and answered, â€Å"I am Mrs de Winter now.† How could she have said that, when before she had not dared to meet my gaze? How could she have stood up to me, when before the slightest mention of Rebecca made her blush? What has changed? What has Mr de Winter told her? I pressed her about the story of the boat, but she would not reveal anything. She stood there, meeting stare with stare. I wonder, has everything changed? Even this girl dares to defy me. I do not know what has happened. I do not know what is going to happen, but I feel that nothing will ever be the same again.

How Can Global Thinking Support You?

How can Global Thinking support you? Inform The Global Thinking team offers fresh perspectives on learning from our long experience in diverse local and global contexts. Inspire We provide advice and training, resources and research to bring insight, challenge perceptions and enable creative thinking for 21st Century learning. Innovate We work in partnership with clients and education specialists on practical and innovative approaches for differing teaching and learning needs. Global Thinking provides inspiration and innovation in global learning.Our specialist team provides training and consultancy to educators who enable young people to shape their futures in a fair and sustainable world. Education The term was increasingly applied to initiatives in international education and was advanced by  Stuart Grauer  in his 1989 University of San Diego publication, Think Globally, Act Locally: A Delphi Study of Educational Leadership Through the Development of International Resources in the Local Community. In this publication it was attribed to  Harlan Cleveland. 15]  It is said that this term was used by German-American  sociologist  Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy[citation needed]  in the 1950s or earlier, prior to the formation of the  United Nations Organization. It is not only corporations that are acknowledging the importance of environmental issues, but also the education system. Government officials and school boards across the world are beginning to develop a new way of teaching. Globalization is now thought of as an important concept to understanding the world.Certain schools believe it is important to discuss global issues as young as 5 years old. It is students who are our future, therefore understanding the concept of â€Å"think globally, act locally† is fundamental to our future. [16] Definition â€Å"Think globally, act locally†Ã‚  urges people to consider the health of the entire planet and to take action in their own communitie s and cities. Long before governments began enforcing environmental laws, individuals were coming together to protect habitats and the organisms that live within them.These efforts are referred to as grassroots efforts. They occur on a local level and are primarily run by volunteers and helpers. â€Å"Think Globally, Act Locally† originally began at the grassroots level, however, it is now a global concept with high importance. It is not just volunteers who take the environment into consideration. It is corporations, government officials, education system, and local communities. It is now extremely important to consider global markets and communities when doing business.Global markets and large corporations have one of the largest impacts on the environment, it is their influence and actions that are vital to the survival of our planet. Large corporations have the most impact on the environment, therefore â€Å"thinking globally and acting locally† can make a major dif ference in the survival of our planet. Warren Heaps states â€Å"it's really important to recognize that markets are different around the world, and company compensation programs should reflect a balance between global corporate philosophy and local practice and culture†. 1] About the Department The Faculty of Arts and Letters is an institution of learning geared towards the development and fulfillment of the total person, the Universal Man, focusing on the Arts and the Humanities, mainly, and spreading out to include the sciences, social and natural, guided by Christian faith and avowed Thomasian ideals and the highest social, national, international and even global standards and objectives.The envisioned goal is the Colege's turning out not only of learned but wisened individuals who, motivated by the highest standards of excellence, excel in their chosen fields, eventually becoming role models in society, potential leaders and achievers of the country, all in the spirit no t only of personal but also social and more importantly, spiritual commitment. The Faculty's goals and objectives are: An ideal confluence of mind, heart and spirit, in the service of the total rounded man.Expertise in one's own chosen field and an adequate spreading out of interests, skils, concerns, in other, fields, allied of otherwise. An enhanced and enriched cultural background including a sense of history and tradition while being abreast with the modern technology of a network world. Ample exposure to and immersion in research as well as creative and critical endeavors. Sympathy and concern for the socially needy and handicapped through consistent efforts and interst in community service.Constant cultivation and preservation of Philippine values at the same time cognizant of what are timeless and universal. History The liberal arts and philosophy had been taught in the University of Santo Tomas since its foundation in 1611. The Faculty of Philosophy and Letters was establish ed in 1896 and the College of Liberal Arts in 1926. In 1964, however these two colleges were merged and given the general name of Faculty of Arts and Letters. Courses offered then were Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Literature, and Bachelor of Philosophy.In the course of time, new majors were offered. In the academic year 1971 to 1972, the Faculty started to offer the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Asian Studies, Behavioral Science (which evolved form the originally offered LiA-Com), Communication Arts, Economics, Journalism, Literature, Philosophy,Political Science, Sociology, and Translation(which was eventually phased out). In 1994, another major, Legal Management, was created to serve the relevant needs of students who intend to go to law after graduation.And so, presently, ten majors are offered in the Faculty of Arts and Letters to wit; Asian Studies, Behavioral Science, Communication Arts, Economics, Jouranlism, Literature, Legal Management, Political Science, Philosophy, and S ociology. Common courses offered in the Faculty of Arts and Letters are designed to develop the minds and sensibilities of the students and to inculcate in them human values and the appreciation of the country's cultural heritage in the light of Christian faith and tradition.Furthermore, they intend to provide the students with the necessary background for them to develop into informed, responsible, and concerned rounded citizens of this country, guided by the mission-vision not only of the College but more importantly, of the University of Santo Tomas. â€Å"Mga Uri Ng Pagsulat†Ã‚  StudyMode. com. 01 2011. 01 2011 .

High Museum Project

I chose to do my review project in â€Å"The High Museum†, in Atlanta GA. It was found in 1905 and its very first name was Atlanta Art Association. Also it is the one of the most visited art museum in the world. While, visiting High museum, I was drawn to two particular pieces from two very different artists. The Chest and drawers by Teyo Remy, gained my attention because of creative design and deep meaning. My other favorite piece is â€Å"The beginning of Life in the Yellow Jungle†, by Thorton Dial. I will be comparing two artist from Modern and Contemporary Art period.Teyo Remy was part of a group of young Dutch designers who came to the forefront of the international design scene with works that had a political awareness and also sense of humor. Chest and drawers piece was design in 1991, which was based on twenty drawers which each of those had a story with them. Very first drawer represents a jewelry box that was a gift to the young woman from the father. The enti re piece is held together by a furniture mowers strap that represents nature of life. Basically a strap would be a reference of us humans holding on the important things in life that matter to us.The reason I like this is because it connects to me with memories of my past and experiences I went through. To me, each drawer represents a memory in my life that has thought me to make better decisions in the future. I also like this design of art because it is amazes me how Teyo Remy managed to make a design that held twenty drawers together and none of them fell off. The color selections of the drawers are matte and plain colored that you see in your everyday life. This was a good selection because it made the piece more relatable. â€Å"You Can’t Lay Down Your Memory†, is a perfect title for this design as it shows the importance of past.Thorton Dial was born in 1928, Emelle, Alabama. He endured a life of poverty and hard labor. This self-taught artist has made astonishin g master pieces that represent history, politics, and power. He overcame many obstacles such as being illiterate, coming from poverty, and he also had a late start as an artist in his fifties. One of his famous pieces is â€Å"The Beginning of Life in the Yellow Jungle†, designed in 2003. Some of the materials he used for that particular design are plastic soda bottles, doll, clothing, bedding, wire, found metal, and rubber glove.Yellow color represent coming together of all â€Å"races† and working with each other in peace. Plastic soda bottles represent a new born that is innocent and pure in this world of chaos. The reason I chose this artwork is because initially it looked very disturbing, distorted, and mysterious. After a few minutes of looking at it, it began to speak to me. I begin to realize what Dial was trying say. To me this art represents a brighter side of the future. Through many life’s struggles and hardships I endured, there seems to always be a greater hope for better life.I also believe that this represent the beauty in struggles we encounter in our lives. In comparison, these two artists are very different but yet share a similar view on life. They come from very different backgrounds but these two particular pieces have an underlined connection. Dial basis his work on his experiences which are captured in his memory. He is able to express his views, struggles, and experiences from his past. On the other hand, Remy’s chest of drawers represents each of his memory in a tight space of drawers. And also, memories can be used as a stepping stone in a pathway to a greater life.

Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo

I was in my fourth year high school since I last watch a play. It was about El Filibusterismo, the second novel of Dr. Jose Rizal. I somewhat forgot the story of the two popular novels of Rizal that is why I was so excited to watch the play of the Dulaang UP, Noli me Tangere: The Opera. It was not a usual play compared to the plays I had watched during my high school days. It was not a normal act that the actors/ actresses must play the role assigned to them and say their lines followed in the script. In an opera they needed to execute a dramatic work combining text (libretto) and musical score. It is really difficult to perform in a musical play and also the fact that performing in front of many people is uneasy. But as I watch the play, the characters were comfortable and love what they are doing which I really liked about them. Many years have passed so my knowledge about the novel is very little. But the play gave a better way of telling and understanding the story. So as it came along I have remembered the novel scene by scene and chapters by chapters. The play inspired me in a better appreciation of Rizal’s Noli me Tangere because I truly felt the emotions showcased by the performers. It was full of passion. You will really feel the nationalism being portrayed by the actors in the play. It made me realized the importance and the role of the two novels, Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, in helping the Filipino people to become conscious that the doings of the colonizers were inhumane. It is no doubt that these novels were one of the reasons that boosted and led our heroes to revolt against the Spaniards. It was my first time to watch an opera and it was splendid. Since it was my first, I really watched the play very well. I was truly amazed with the voices of the actors and actresses especially the one who were playing as Maria Clara. I was hook with her voice throughout the play because of its wide range and it was so extreme. The accompaniment made the production complete. It gave the wonderful voices of the young and talented artists to be more powerful and pleasant to hear. It also gave the story more life and made the audience to feel the emotions of the actors. The setting was full of Philippine indigenous materials and the costumes of the performers were made of inabel cloth which created a good connection to the audience. It helped them to sense the past and to think about the cultures, beautiful places, clean surroundings, traditions, customs and beliefs that we have before. The choreography, special props, lightings and sound effects made the production enjoyable to watch, livelier and more intense. Sum it all up, the presentation was truly great. But I know they are still lot of rooms for improvement. They can still make the play to be more interesting and more enjoyable to watch. So if I were to rate the production, five (5) being the highest and one (1) being the lowest, I would give them a four (4).

Women's Place in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women's Place in Society - Essay Example The wife loses her original self in her attempt to come up to the expectations of the husband, yet the husband considers it her duty and thus, does not owe her a â€Å"thank you†. The tragedy is that this discrimination on the basis of genders is all man-built. God had created men and women equal to each other. In this paper, Grimke’s contentions about women that she mentioned in her letters have been explored. 1. For a lot of reasons, status of the woman in the society has been deemed similar to that of a slave. The document mentions several laws that guide upon the way a woman has to be dealt with in different circumstances. Presence or absence of her husband in the surroundings or his approval or disapproval of her actions makes a fundamental difference in the legal status of a woman’s actions. In this document by Sarah Grimke, woman has been considered as so weak as compared to the man that her self is considered to get merged into that of her husband after m arriage. Since marriage unites the two souls into one, man has been discouraged to offer anything to woman as a present because if he does so, it is thought of as an action to separate the woman from his own self. Even the law does not hold a man chargeable for anything that a wife asks him for except what is basic, though a man is free to waste his resources and money on gambling and fulfilling his lustful desires. A woman may not seek treatment if she gets injured until her husband approves of. Like a master pays for the injuries inflicted on a servant, a husband is responsible for the expenses incurred by a woman for her injuries. Even if she provides sufficient evidence that her husband made her do a certain crime, the woman is believed to have violated the eighth commandment. When she claims a bond with man, the two are considered one. In cases when the woman tends to get her separate self acknowledged, she is considered inferior to the man. Despite that, when found guilty of a crime, she is deemed liable for the punishment of the same level of severity as is inflicted upon the men in their case. 2. Human perception and remembrance of the difference between genders remain profound when a man and a woman interact with each other. Thus, the way a woman is approached by a man is a considerably blow to her dignity. Man favors woman to address her weaknesses, and once he earns her appreciation, he uses her for his own purposes. God has made man and woman equal. Therefore, in order to be best able to benefit from each other’s societies, it is imperative that man and woman interact with each other with no regard to sex. Women’s intellectual abilities have conventionally been underestimated by men and they have been used as domestic products. Women themselves are also partly responsible for this injustice since they have allowed men to treat them that way. By stepping into the society and socializing with people to do good to them and spread the mes sage of the Creator, women would only add to their purity and would be able to optimize on their intellectual abilities and oratory skills. Besides, woman assumes a very important role in the familial structure in that she is the manager of the house and the nurturer of the children that are the building blocks of the society. Concluding all that has been discussed above, women have been forced to live as slaves to men. Although they were born with the same level of intellectual ability as that of men, yet they were forbidden to explore their abilities by the men. Women’s low status in the society can be fundamentally attributed to their own submissiveness to the men. If women want to live on an equal footing with

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example There is always a high demand for people having good communication skills and those professionals who are young and adaptive to change. To study the demographic factors is vital for a manger as it helps him in selecting the best person for the job. In job interviews, managers are mostly looking for confident candidates and also those candidates that have good interpersonal and good communication skills. These types of employees tend to prove themselves highly valuable to the firm. The abilities and skills of a person highly influence his behaviour and performance. If your skills and abilities match the requirements of the job, you are likely to perform better. This is so because one knows the job description requirements and can perform well accordingly. The manager plays a key role when matching the job requirements with the skills and abilities of the employees. This is crucial as matching skills and abilities will allow the desired results to be achieved by the firm. Perception is a process by which sensory impressions are organised and interpreted by an individual in order to give meaning to whatever is around him. The perception of a person can be influenced by many factors. For managers it is really important to create a work environment that is favourable and that it is positively perceived by the employees. If the employees perceive it positively, it will improve their performance and overall, the firm will become productive and profitable. Attitude is the propensity to react positively or negatively towards certain things, people or circumstances. The supervisor of a company should study the factors related to employment to create a positive work environment so that workers are encouraged to form a favourable attitude towards their particular jobs. The variables such as family, society, traditions and culture, friends and organisational characteristics affect the development and attitude of the employees. The workers can perform efficiently if they for m a better attitude in the workplace. Employees also need to work upon having a good work life balance so that they can achieve their targets successfully without having pressure from anyone side of professional work or personal life. Personality is the study of the unique characteristics of an individual, the relations between these individuals and how they alter and change with respect to society and changing circumstances. The numerous dynamics that affect the personality of a person are inheritance, family, friends, society, culture and other circumstances. This shows that individuals are different when working in an organisation and their personality changes along with it. Personality can be considered as the most difficult part of an individual, and this largely affects the behaviour of a human being. Studying the personality characteristics of an individual is a good opportunity to comprehend them. It motivates them to complete the organisational goal in an efficient manner. Diverse environmental variables produce different reactions, and studying these reactions is very crucial for the organisation. By studying these responses certain types of behaviours that are demanded by organisations are discovered and learnt. Examples of these behaviours are

Alcoholics Anymous Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alcoholics Anymous - Essay Example The group also aims to provide an atmosphere where individuals do not receive judgment for their alcohol problems or any mistakes they made in their lives. The goals are to change the mindset of the individuals and their way of thinking towards life. As mentioned above, the group aims to reduce the number of individuals suffering from alcoholism. The group is successful as it began with less than five members and now there are three different groups, with each one consisting of ten members. Furthermore, in the early days of the group, the program was male dominated. However, there are now females joining the program. The group also has many testimonies from members who acknowledge the way the group has helped them stay sober. The facilitators have similar leadership styles in the sense that they do not try to stamp their authority on the group. Their role is simply to modulate the process and ensure that the meetings take place systematically. The facilitators also have a motivational role and attempt to encourage, empathize and give suggestions to members of the group. The group has control over the direction each session takes, as they decide which aspect of the program they want to discuss. The therapeutic interactions can be seen between the facilitators and the individuals recovering from alcoholism. There is a therapeutic interpersonal relationship as the facilitators provide support psychologically for the members. There is also therapeutic communication as the facilitators respond to each patient differently. 6. Did you see any negative behaviors in your group? If so, explain their behaviors and the reactions from other members and facilitators. (For example someone who demoralizes others, someone who says nothing, or someone who completely monopolizes the group). There were no negative behaviors in the